Recurring revenue compounds while you sleep, so the wrong subscription app hurts for years, and migrating subscribers off one you regret is brutal. The market just shifted too: in April 2026 Recharge acquired Skio for $105 million, pushing Loop, Stay.ai, and Smartrr to fight harder for the alternative crowd (Loopwork).
Most lists rank by feature count, which is the wrong lens. The right app is the one whose billing, fees, and retention tools match how often your customers actually reorder. So this ranks 10 Shopify subscription apps by the job each solves best, honest about the fees.
One flag: every app here charges the card on schedule, then goes quiet the moment a subscriber skips or cancels. TxtCart is the conversational-SMS and cart-recovery layer that runs alongside whichever app you pick, not a replacement: replenishment reminders, win-back flows, and abandoned-checkout recovery. Our guide to SMS marketing for subscription brands shows how it works.
TL;DR — At a glance
| # | Platform | Pricing | Trial | Rating | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | Recharge | $99/mo + 1.49% + $0.19/txn | Limited ($25/mo plan) | ★ 4.8 | Scaling brands needing proven infrastructure |
| 02 | Skio | $599/mo + 1% + $0.20/txn | No | ★ 5.0 | Modern UX, now under Recharge |
| 03 | Stay.ai | From $499/mo + 1% + $0.19/txn | No | ★ 4.9 | Retention-led brands focused on reducing churn |
| 04 | Appstle | Free, paid from $10/mo, 0% txn | Yes | ★ 5.0 | Value-focused stores wanting depth without fees |
| 05 | Loop Subscriptions | Free, paid from $99/mo + 1% | Yes | ★ 4.9 | Gamified retention and skip-and-swap |
| 06 | Smartrr | From ~$99/mo + 1% GMV | Trial | ★ 4.9 | Brands blending subscriptions with loyalty |
| 07 | Bold Subscriptions | From $24.99/mo + 2% | Trial | ★ 4.0 | Stores wanting checkout-integrated recurring orders |
| 08 | Seal Subscriptions | Free, paid from $5.95/mo, 0% txn | Yes | ★ 4.9 | Smaller stores wanting a proven, low-cost program |
| 09 | Subify | Free, paid from $9/mo, 0% txn | Yes | ★ 4.9 | New and growing stores on a tight budget |
| 10 | Yotpo Subscriptions | Free, paid with 1% txn | Yes | ★ See note | Consolidating reviews, loyalty, and subscriptions |
| 11 | Easy Subscriptions | Free up to 100 lifetime orders; paid from $39/mo, 0% txn | 7 days on paid plans | ★ 5.0 | Subscription boxes and build-a-box bundles; pricing tiers based on lifetime orders |
What a Shopify subscription app should actually handle
Before the list, here is the filter. A subscription app for a Shopify store should cover most of these, and which ones matter most depends on your reorder cadence and margin. Keep the last point in mind: a free monthly plan with a 2% transaction fee can cost more than a $99 plan at scale, so run the math against your own GMV, not the headline price.
- →Recurring billing and checkout: Reliable scheduled charges, ideally inside Shopify’s native checkout rather than a bolt-on cart. This is the non-negotiable.
- →Customer portal: A self-service area where subscribers can skip, swap, pause, reschedule, or update payment without emailing support. The portal is where most churn is either prevented or caused.
- →Dunning and failed-payment recovery: Smart retries and card-update prompts when a charge fails. Failed payments are a silent revenue leak that good dunning quietly fixes.
- →Migration support: If you are switching platforms, the app needs a clean way to import existing subscribers without breaking their billing. This is the scariest part of any switch.
- →Analytics: Active subscribers, churn rate, MRR, lifetime value, and skip or pause rates. If you cannot measure churn, you cannot fix it.
- →Retention tools: Cancellation flows, win-back offers, skip-and-swap instead of cancel, and prepaid options. The apps that win on retention treat a cancellation as a conversation, not a button. More tactics in our guide to boosting customer retention rate for Shopify stores.
- →Transaction fees: The number that decides the real cost. Some apps charge 0%; others take 1% to 2% of every subscription order on top of the monthly fee, and that math flips the rankings once you scale.
Key takeaways
- Recharge is still the safest default for scaling brands, but its $99-plus monthly fee plus 1.49% per transaction makes it one of the priciest options, and it now owns Skio after a $105M acquisition.
- Appstle and Subify are the value leaders for stores under $25K in subscription GMV, with free plans and 0% transaction fees that protect margin while you grow.
- Loop, Stay.ai, and Smartrr compete on retention intelligence, not just billing, with churn tools, skip-and-swap flows, and customer portals built to keep subscribers longer.
- Seal Subscriptions is the quiet overachiever: a 4.9 rating across 2,700-plus reviews, a real free plan, and 0% transaction fees.
- A subscription app bills the card; it does not save the at-risk subscriber. Skips, pauses, and cancellations are recovered by reminders and replies, which is why brands pair subscriptions with SMS.
Prices and ratings verified June 2026 against each vendor’s Shopify App Store listing and pricing page. Transaction fees and GMV tiers change often, so confirm against your own subscription volume before you commit. Yotpo Subscriptions does not carry a standalone App Store rating in the same form as the others; its ratings live across the broader Yotpo suite.
The 10 Best Subscription Apps for Shopify
01. Recharge
The proven default for scaling subscription brands.
Recharge is the subscription app most growing Shopify brands end up on, and the reasons are infrastructure and trust. It powers tens of thousands of merchants, carries a 4.8 rating across 2,100-plus Shopify reviews, and has stress-tested nearly every billing edge case before you hit it (Shopify App Store).
The 2026 headline is bigger than features. Recharge acquired Skio for $105 million in April 2026, so it now operates both products and consolidated the high end of the category (Loopwork).
For a brand that wants the safest, most-integrated option, that scale reassures. For one that chose Skio precisely to avoid Recharge, it is something to weigh.
If repeat-purchase rewards also matter to your retention plan, the best loyalty apps for Shopify guide is a useful companion, since subscriptions and loyalty solve overlapping retention problems.
Pairs well with TxtCart: Recharge bills reliably and integrates deeply with Klaviyo for email, but its dunning and reminders fire through channels with leaky open rates. TxtCart adds the SMS layer that gets the upcoming-charge notice and skip-or-swap prompt read before the subscriber lapses.
Shopify rating ★ 4.8
Key features
- Recurring billing: with deep customization and Shopify Checkout integration
- Customer portal: for skip, swap, pause, and reschedule
- Dunning and failed-payment recovery: with smart retries
- Bundles, build-a-box, and prepaid: subscription types
- Deep integrations: especially with Klaviyo, for retention messaging
Recharge’s Pricing
- 25-50 plan — $25/mo for the first 50 lifetime subscribers
- Starter — $99/mo plus 1.49% plus $0.19 per transaction
- Plus — $499/mo plus 1.34% plus $0.19
- Custom — above that tier
- Pricing per the Recurpay comparison (recurpay.com/subscription-apps-for-shopify), as reported June 2026
Heads up
Based on user reviews
- Fees climb over time: long-term merchants report costs can exceed 10% of recurring revenue once monthly plus transaction costs stack up (Shopify App Store reviews).
- One of the priciest options under $50K/mo: the monthly fee plus 1.49% per transaction adds up.
- Skio acquisition adds roadmap uncertainty: for brands that picked Skio to stay independent of Recharge.
02. Skio
The modern challenger brands graduated to, now a Recharge company.
Skio built its name as the platform fast-growing DTC brands moved to when they wanted a cleaner customer portal and a more modern build than the legacy options. It holds a perfect 5.0 rating across 238 reviews, with merchants praising the passwordless login portal and migration support (Shopify App Store).
The asterisk is the same one from pick number one. The App Store listing now reads “Skio, a Recharge Company,” so Skio is no longer the independent alternative it was a year ago (Shopify App Store). The product is still strong; the positioning changed.
Shopify rating ★ 5.0
Key features
- Passwordless customer portal: that reduces support tickets
- Build-a-box, bundles, and gift subscriptions
- Strong migration tooling: for switching off another platform
- Cancellation and skip flows: to cut churn
- Analytics: on subscriber growth and retention
Skio’s Pricing
- Scale — $599/mo (or $5,988/year, 17% off) plus a 1% plus $0.20 per-transaction fee
- Pricing per the Shopify App Store listing (apps.shopify.com/skio), as reported July 2026
Heads up
Based on user reviews
- Now owned by Recharge: so the long-term roadmap and pricing independence are open questions (Loopwork).
- The $599/mo entry point plus 1% per-transaction fee: prices out smaller brands and stacks as GMV grows (Shopify App Store).
- A smaller review base: than Recharge or Appstle, reflecting a younger product.
03. Stay.ai
Retention intelligence for brands fighting churn.
Stay.ai is built around a single premise: the hard part of subscriptions is not billing, it is keeping subscribers from leaving. It leans into retention intelligence, with churn-prediction tools, dynamic cancellation flows, and A/B testing on the subscriber experience. It carries a 4.9 rating across 140-plus reviews (Shopify App Store).
That retention focus is the real differentiator. Where most apps treat the customer portal as a settings page, Stay.ai treats it as a place to actively win subscribers back before they cancel.
Pairs well with TxtCart: Stay.ai catches the subscriber who is actively clicking cancel inside the portal. It can’t reach the one who silently stops engaging and never opens the portal at all.
TxtCart texts that subscriber a two-way “want to pause or swap before your next box?” so the save happens outside the cancel flow, not just inside it.
Shopify rating ★ 4.9
Key features
- Churn-prevention flows: with dynamic offers at the cancel step
- A/B testing: on portal and retention experiences
- Build-a-box and prepaid: subscription models
- RetentionEngine-style analytics: on why subscribers leave
- Migration support: from other platforms
Stay.ai’s Pricing
- Growth — from $499/mo plus 1% plus $0.19 per transaction
- Pricing per the Loopwork breakdown (loopwork.co/blog/best-shopify-subscription-apps), as reported June 2026
Heads up
Based on user reviews
- The $499/mo entry point prices out smaller brands: (Loopwork).
- Best value only at volume: once you have enough subscribers to feed the retention analytics.
- A smaller install base: than the legacy platforms, reflecting a newer entrant.
04. Appstle
The value leader with depth and 0% transaction fees.
Appstle is the app that quietly wins on price-to-feature ratio. It delivers the full subscription toolkit, build-a-box, bundles, gifts, prepaid, customer portal, and charges 0% transaction fees on paid plans, which is the detail that flips the long-run math against the percentage-fee platforms (ShopDigest).
The reviews back it up emphatically. Appstle holds a 5.0 rating across more than 7,100 Shopify reviews, one of the largest highly rated review bases in the entire category (Shopify App Store).
Shopify rating ★ 5.0
Key features
- 0% transaction fees: on every paid tier
- Build-a-box, bundles, prepaid, and gift: subscriptions
- Customer portal: with skip, swap, and pause
- Tiered and dynamic discounts: to drive larger subscriptions
- Responsive support: repeatedly cited in reviews
Appstle’s Pricing
- Free — up to 50 orders a month
- Starter — $10/mo
- Business — $30/mo
- Business Premium — $100/mo
- Enterprise — $200/mo, all with 0% transaction fees (source: ShopDigest)
Heads up
Based on user reviews
- The depth of settings: can feel overwhelming during initial setup.
- Branding and portal styling: take more manual work than the premium platforms.
- Less retention-specific intelligence: than Stay.ai or Loop.
05. Loop Subscriptions
Gamified retention and skip-before-cancel.
Loop has positioned itself as the modern, independent alternative for brands that want retention built in, not bolted on. Its standout features are gamified rewards, skip-and-swap flows, and a slick customer portal designed to turn a cancel click into a pause or a product swap. It holds a 4.9 rating across 650-plus reviews (Shopify App Store).
After the Recharge-Skio merger, Loop is arguably the most prominent independent platform left, which it has leaned into hard in its own positioning (Loopwork).
Shopify rating ★ 4.9
Key features
- Skip-and-swap flows: that reduce cancellations
- Gamified rewards: to extend subscriber lifetime
- Cancellation flows: with win-back offers
- Bundles and build-a-box
- Migration support: for switching platforms
Loop Subscriptions’ Pricing
- Free Forever — up to 50 active subscriptions
- Starter — $99/mo plus 1% per transaction with no per-order flat fee
- Pro — $399/mo plus 0.75% per transaction
- Pricing per the Loopwork breakdown (loopwork.co/blog/best-shopify-subscription-apps), as reported June 2026
Heads up
Based on user reviews
- The 1% transaction fee: still applies on top of the monthly plan.
- Some advanced retention features: sit on the higher Pro tier.
- Newer than Recharge: so fewer third-party integrations exist.
06. Smartrr
Subscriptions blended with loyalty and member perks.
Smartrr treats subscriptions and loyalty as one system rather than two apps. It pairs recurring billing with member rewards, referrals, and a branded subscriber portal, aimed at brands that want the subscription relationship to feel like membership. It holds a 4.9 rating across 68 reviews, a smaller but consistent base (Shopify App Store).
The loyalty-plus-subscription blend is the reason to look at it. If you were otherwise going to run a separate loyalty app, Smartrr can fold that job into the subscription experience. If you keep loyalty separate, an SMS loyalty program can layer rewards over the subscription without a second billing app.
If you are weighing whether to fold loyalty into your subscription tool or run it separately, the best loyalty apps for Shopify comparison is the right next read for that trade-off.
Shopify rating ★ 4.9
Key features
- Loyalty and rewards: built into the subscription portal
- Referrals: to turn subscribers into acquisition
- Branded, customizable customer portal
- Build-a-box and prepaid: options
- Analytics: on subscriber LTV and retention
Smartrr’s Pricing
- From roughly $99/mo — with a 1% GMV fee and no per-order flat fee, scaling on volume
- Pricing per the Eightx fee analysis (eightx.co/blog/recharge-vs-smartrr-vs-skio-subscriptions), as reported June 2026
Heads up
Based on user reviews
- Smaller review base: than the category leaders.
- The 1% GMV fee: applies on top of the monthly cost.
- Loyalty features are most valuable: if you would otherwise pay for a separate app.
07. Bold Subscriptions
Checkout-integrated recurring orders.
Bold Subscriptions is one of the longest-running names in Shopify recurring billing, built around native checkout integration and reliable scheduled orders. It suits stores that want a straightforward recurring-order engine without a heavy retention layer.
The rating tells a more cautious story than the leaders. Bold sits at a 4.0 rating across 370 reviews, with a polarized split: 71% five-star but 13% one-star, which points to inconsistent experiences (Shopify App Store).
Shopify rating ★ 4.0
Key features
- Native Shopify Checkout integration
- Flexible recurring order rules: and frequencies
- Customer portal: for managing subscriptions
- Upsell prompts: to subscribers
- Integration: with Bold’s broader commerce suite
Bold Subscriptions’ Pricing
- From $24.99/mo — plus a 2% transaction fee, with a 30-day free trial
- Pricing per the Shopify App Store listing (apps.shopify.com/bold-subscriptions), as reported June 2026
Heads up
Based on user reviews
- The 2% transaction fee: is higher than most peers and stacks on the monthly cost (Shopify App Store).
- A polarized rating: with 13% one-star reviews suggests uneven reliability (Shopify App Store reviews).
- Thinner retention tooling: than the newer platforms.
08. Seal Subscriptions
The low-cost overachiever with 0% fees.
Seal Subscriptions is the pick that punches far above its price. It offers a genuine free plan, 0% transaction fees across every tier, and a clean setup, and it has earned a 4.9 rating across 2,700-plus reviews with 93% five-star (Shopify App Store).
For a smaller or mid-size store that wants a proven program without percentage fees eating into margin, Seal is one of the easiest recommendations on this list.
Shopify rating ★ 4.9
Key features
- 0% transaction fees: on all plans
- Free plan: for up to 50 subscriptions
- Subscription discounts: and inventory forecasting
- Customer portal: with automated product swaps
- Cancellation flow control: on higher tiers
Seal Subscriptions’ Pricing
- Free — up to 50 subscriptions
- Supersale — from $5.95/mo
- Legend — up to $24.95/mo, with 0% transaction fees and a 30-day trial
- Pricing per the Shopify App Store listing (apps.shopify.com/seal-subscriptions), as reported June 2026
Heads up
Based on user reviews
- Fewer advanced retention and analytics tools: than Stay.ai or Loop.
- Branding and portal customization: are lighter than premium platforms.
- Best suited to small and mid-size subscription programs.
09. Subify
Budget-friendly subscriptions for new and growing stores.
Subify targets stores that are just starting subscriptions and do not want a percentage of every order disappearing in fees. It offers a free plan, 0% transaction fees on paid tiers, and an approachable setup, with a 4.9 rating across 850-plus reviews (Shopify App Store).
It covers the core jobs, build-a-box, gifts, prepaid, and a customer portal, without the price or complexity of the enterprise options.
Shopify rating ★ 4.9
Key features
- 0% transaction fees: on paid plans
- Free plan: up to 150 orders a month
- Build-a-box, gift, and prepaid: subscriptions
- Customizable subscription widget: on product pages
- Customer portal: for self-service management
Subify’s Pricing
- Free — up to 150 orders a month
- Paid plans — from $9/mo to $49/mo with 0% transaction fees
- Pricing per the OneCart comparison (getonecart.com/shopify-subscription-apps), as reported June 2026
Heads up
Based on user reviews
- Lighter retention and analytics depth: than the premium platforms.
- Best fit for early-stage and growing programs: rather than high-volume brands.
- Fewer native integrations: than Recharge.
10. Yotpo Subscriptions
For brands consolidating reviews, loyalty, and subscriptions.
Yotpo Subscriptions makes the most sense for brands already inside the Yotpo ecosystem. The pull is consolidation: reviews, loyalty, and subscriptions under one vendor, with a native Shopify connection and a self-service subscriber portal (ATTN Agency).
On its own, it is a capable subscription tool with a free tier for very small programs. The honest caveat is the familiar Yotpo pattern: the value is real only if you adopt multiple Yotpo products, and pricing scales sharply as you grow.
If reviews are also on your shortlist, the best review apps for Shopify guide breaks down where Yotpo sits against focused review tools, which helps decide whether the bundle is worth it.
Shopify rating ★ See note
Key features
- Subscriptions: inside the wider Yotpo retention suite
- Upsells: and customizable billing options
- Self-service customer portal
- Tie-in: with Yotpo Reviews and Loyalty
- Native Shopify integration
Yotpo Subscriptions’ Pricing
- Free — for stores under $500/mo in subscription revenue
- Pro plans — add customization at a 1% transaction fee
- Pricing per Wiser Review (wiserreview.com/blog/yotpo-pricing), as reported June 2026
Heads up
Based on user reviews
- Most cost-effective only with multiple Yotpo products: weaker as a standalone subscription app (Wiser Review).
- The free tier is restrictive: for real subscription volume.
- Managing multiple Yotpo product invoices: adds friction without a bundle.
11. Easy Subscriptions
Easy Subscriptions is a Shopify subscription app that covers product subscriptions, subscription boxes, and build-a-box bundles without any coding. It holds Shopify’s ‘Built for Shopify’ badge for performance, design and integration quality, and has a 5.0 overall rating on the Shopify App Store.” Shopify reviewers highlight straightforward setup and responsive support, including assistance migrating subscriptions from other platforms.
Its pricing is worth considering for stores looking to avoid app transaction fees. All plans charge 0% app transaction fees, although standard payment-processing fees still apply. Plan costs increase as lifetime subscription orders pass each tier’s limit. The Starter plan includes a self-service customer portal, prepaid subscriptions, quantity-break offers and automated failed-payment recovery, for up to 100 lifetime subscription orders (Easy Subscriptions pricing).
Easy Subscriptions is an option for stores that need subscription boxes, build-a-box bundles or subscription sequences that change products over time. Bundles and retention flows start on Growth; time-based series subscriptions require Enterprise. It also works with Shopify Checkout, customer accounts, and Shopify POS, and it integrates with Klaviyo, Gorgias, Yotpo, and page builders like PageFly and GemPages.
Shopify rating ★ 5.0
Key features
- 0% transaction fees: on every plan
- Build-a-box (BYOB) bundles: and curated subscription boxes
- Customer portal: for pause, skip, swap, and cancel
- Failed-payment recovery: automated retries to recover unsuccessful subscription charges
- Retention flows, upsells, and analytics: across subscription revenue, churn, and forecasting
- Multilingual support: English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese
Easy Subscriptions’ Pricing
- Starter — Free to install, 0% transaction fees for up to 100 lifetime subscription orders
- Growth — $39/mo, up to 1,000 lifetime subscription orders, 7-day free trial
- Scale — $99/mo, up to 10,000 lifetime subscription orders, 7-day free trial
- Enterprise — $399/mo, unlimited lifetime subscription orders, with custom high-volume pricing available
- Annual billing saves 10%
- Pricing source: Shopify App Store listing and Easy Subscriptions’ pricing page. Confirm current prices and feature availability before choosing a plan.
Heads up
Based on the listing and user reviews
- Plan limits count lifetime subscription orders, rather than monthly orders. As that cumulative count grows, you may need a higher plan even if monthly revenue stays steady.
- Feature access depends on the plan: bundles and retention flows start on Growth, while series subscriptions require Enterprise. Confirm the tier needed for your preferred upsell and analytics features before subscribing.
The Verdict
If you want one recommendation for a scaling brand, start with Recharge. Its install base, integrations, and proven reliability make it the safest default, as long as the monthly-plus-1.49% fee math works at your volume.
If margin matters more than infrastructure, Appstle or Seal Subscriptions win on value, with 0% transaction fees and ratings that rival anything on this list.
And if churn is your core problem, Stay.ai or Loop are built to keep subscribers longer, with Loop standing out as the most prominent independent option after the Recharge-Skio merger.
Whichever you choose, remember why subscription programs stall: the app bills the card, but it does not save the subscriber who quietly disengages. A subscription app handles the recurring charge.
An SMS layer like TxtCart, one of the best SMS marketing apps for Shopify stores, handles the conversation that keeps the subscription alive, with replenishment reminders, skip-and-swap prompts, win-back flows, and abandoned-checkout recovery. Brands like Base Peptides have turned that recovery layer into hundreds of thousands in revenue at 56x ROI.
Pick your subscription app from the 10 above, then see how TxtCart’s SMS layer protects the recurring revenue you worked to build.
Subscription apps compared by store profile
The right pick changes with your subscription GMV, your reorder cadence, and how much retention tooling you actually need. Use this to narrow fast.
| Store profile | Best-fit picks | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Under $25K subscription GMV, fee-sensitive | Appstle, Seal, Subify, Easy Subscriptions | 0% transaction fees protect margin while you grow |
| Scaling brand, needs proven infrastructure | Recharge | Largest install base, deepest integrations |
| Churn is the main problem | Stay.ai, Loop | Retention intelligence and skip-before-cancel flows |
| Wants independence after the Recharge-Skio merger | Loop, Stay.ai, Smartrr | Independent vendors with modern tooling |
| Wants subscriptions plus loyalty in one tool | Smartrr, Yotpo | Membership and rewards built in |
| Simple checkout-integrated recurring orders | Bold | Native checkout, straightforward billing |
Box- or bundle-heavy catalog | Appstle, Recharge, Easy Subscriptions | Build-a-box, curated boxes, and multi-step bundle flows |
How to choose by subscription model
The right subscription app depends less on feature checklists and more on how your store sells. Match yourself to the closest profile.
- Consumables on a tight reorder cadence (coffee, supplements, pet food). Prioritize retention tooling and replenishment. Stay.ai or Loop for churn intelligence, or Appstle if you want depth without fees. Pair with SMS replenishment reminders. See ways to use SMS marketing for customer retention for the full replenishment playbook.
- New or small store launching subscriptions. Start with a 0% transaction fee app: Appstle, Seal, or Subify. Prove the program before paying percentage fees.
- Scaling brand above $50K a month in subscriptions. Recharge for infrastructure, or Loop if you want an independent vendor with strong retention tools.
- Brand that wants subscriptions and loyalty in one place. Smartrr or Yotpo Subscriptions, depending on whether you already use the rest of the Yotpo suite.
- Brand that picked Skio to stay off Recharge. Reassess after the acquisition. Loop, Stay.ai, and Smartrr are the independent alternatives.
- High-AOV or gift-heavy subscriptions. Look for strong build-a-box and gift options, which Recharge, Skio, and Appstle all handle well.
Whichever you pick, the activation layer is constant. If repeat-purchase rewards are also part of the plan, the best loyalty apps for Shopify guide is the companion read, since loyalty and subscriptions often run side by side.
Pairs well with TxtCart: every profile above lands on a subscription app that handles billing, but none of them handle the moment a consumable subscriber forgets why they signed up. Whichever pick you make, a TxtCart replenishment text (“your reorder ships Friday, want to swap a flavor?”) is the same low-cost retention add-on across all of them.